Looking for the best shocks for towing chevy 1500? Can't decide which one to get? Check out the list of the top 9 picks right now to find the best options.

Investing in top-notch struts is one of the best things you can do for your vehicle and when talking about good-quality struts, Detroit Axle Strut deserves a ...

Unity has been manufacturing aftermarket automotive parts for over 50 years, and they know what users want and how to comfort them.  Hence they ...

FCS is a well-known manufacturer of aftermarket parts and their struts are just what you expect from a top-notch brand. FCS struts add smoothness and comfort ...

Shocks play the lead role in controlling the spring and suspension movement of your car. Therefore, they have a pretty good sign. If you feel like replacing ...

Struts are quite important for vehicles and we all know it. But finding the best struts for your vehicle can be grinding. When we look at the top, we find two ...

What is the best way of protecting your equipment and stuff in your truck? Well, I don’t know about you, but many people actually have problems when it ...

Struts are used to support the weight of your car. Along with that, they ensure a smooth ride by absorbing the surface impacts. Your vehicle’s struts should ...

Struts play a crucial role in your vehicle’s suspension. When it comes to strut manufacturers, OREDY is a big name. They are famous for their top-notch ...

If you are looking for the perfect pair of shock absorbers for your vehicle, then you should try the Rough Country N3 shocks. Because whether it is a tough ...

Innovative nanotechnology Extraordinary long-life span – up to 5 years Superior hydrophobic properties Easy application Exceptional Customer ...

If you want to restore your ride’s original height and improve its suspension for tough routes, then all you need are coil springs. There are different types ...

If you are a proud owner of Subaru Impreza WRX and looking to improve its suspension, then you are in the right place. Suspension is a critical portion of ...

If you own a Mazda Miata and you want to improve its suspension, then there is nothing better than installing coilovers. Coilovers are tools that effectively ...

If you are planning on modifying your car’s suspension, then you would need some incredible and functional coilovers. A coilover is an automotive suspension ...

Drying your vehicle after washing it is very important. Otherwise, it will not look great, trust me. But instead of spending a lot of time on drying, you can ...

Bakflip tonneau covers are among the most sought-after folding tonneaus available on the market. They are well-known for their high-quality construction using ...

Exhaust gaskets are simple, but they have bigger jobs to perform. You will hear a very inconvenient rattling sound if your exhaust gasket is not good. ...

In this article, I will be discussing what the important features of a tonneau cover are and why you should get it, along with how much does it cost to ...

A tonneau cover is of great help in keeping your cargo secured and truck bed protected. But sometimes, you also need a toolbox in your pick-up truck if you ...

Are you looking for a way to wash your car that will clean it without hurting it? Well, I have good news for you! I will be telling you everything that you ...

Although most of the car exhausts are just welded, there are many which are mounted using clamps as well. Clamps are quite helpful when you want to have extra ...

Are you planning on buying a tonneau cover for your wonderful truck? Well, if yes, then you have found the spot. If you own a 10-On Ram Mega Cab/Ram 2500, ...

A tonneau cover is a necessity for pickup trucks most of the time. But it should have certain features to meet some of your truck’s needs. Though there are a ...

Your tonneau cover can get bad or damaged with time due to a number of reasons. In that scenario, you can either replace it or repair it accordingly. Well, if ...

In the world of tonneau covers, you should always look for the best one. But it may occur that you get confused between two great options. In that situation, ...

If you are looking for a muffler delete for your Dodge Ram 1500 truck, we have got you covered. You have already come to know that a great muffler delete can ...

The weather, unless you’re a truck driver, is your worst opponent. Thousands of dollars’ worth of damage or loss are caused each year by rain and snow, in ...

If you want to organize your hardware and things properly in your truck, then all that you need is an undercover swing case truck bed toolbox. And, if you ...

If you are looking for a tonneau cover for your awesome truck and feel confused, then you have found the right piece of information. There are two major types ...

As we all know, biking is one of the best sports to do in order to stay in good shape, both physically and mentally. However, not everyone has the chance ...

To find out the best engine support bar is one of the toughest jobs, especially for newbies. If you are a newbie as well, you know how terrifying it is to ...

A serious job requires serious tools. If you intend to paint some cars and you want the paint job done efficiently, with the highest quality, and fast then ...

Winters bring joy, happiness, and Christmas! Along with that, they also bring snow that can barricade your front lawn and make it difficult to move around! ...

Maintaining your vehicle surely requires you to invest lots of time and effort in it. And, as one of the most important things for every vehicle, shocks and ...

It is very irritating when your ATV gets stuck in dirt or in a hole and you need to pull it out. ATV winch helps you with this task. It is not a very good ...

Do you have a car that may be old or new? If yes, then you’re in for different challenges. Your car might run more than 85000 miles without any problem, and ...

As much as we love getting uninterrupted service from vehicles at the expense of minimal maintenance, life isn’t that kind all the time. I mean, you can ...

Light is synonymous with power, emotions and in most cases, it is used to make a distinction between good and evil. Getting the best underglow kit for your ...

These days, truckers are ultra-modern. They have added daily use equipment to their truck like mini refrigerators, TV sets, microwave, DVD players and much ...

Wouldn’t someone look unappealing if he wore a creased and discolored shirt? Wouldn’t a car look dreary if it had scratches all over its body? A bedliner, ...

Does your truck seem slightly askew? Is it making you feel out of sorts along with your vehicle? We understand entirely. For a lot of us, our cars hold a ...

If you are looking for a retractable cover for the bed of your truck, then you have landed in just the right spot. A tonneau cover does not only provide a ...

If you’ve seen oddly satisfying videos on YouTube, you already know how pleasant a visual treat can be. While most of us are in love with our cars and it only ...

A good car or jeep is a remedy and relaxation for a long and hard day when you can just put your feet down and drive away from your troubles. But, a great ...

Your beautiful truck needs a robust cover for a number of reasons. If you own 2014-2018 Chevy Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500; 2019 LD Limited, then this is your ...

Getting the best Jeep soft top is not as easy as ABC. No thanks to many products and brands flooding the market, claiming to be the best. This can make you, ...

We all have at least one person in our life who has always claimed that dash covers are old fashioned and are not meant for modern cars. Are they right? No, ...

Accidents happen. You throw a lot of stuff in the bed of your truck and if you ever heard the sound of scratching when doing it, you know how it feels to ...

All things fade with time and the headlights are no excuse. This is especially true if you have an older car. However, that is no excuse for impaired vision ...

Rough terrains and dense vegetation make off-roading worth it – snatch blocks and winch pullers make it safer. If you’ve ever been on the road and have been ...

As a truck owner, one critical aspect that you probably have already familiarized with is your seat. That’s why you want to find the best truck seat cover as ...

Bubbles and air pockets can lead to under performance of your brake or sometimes your brakes even stop functioning because of them. Therefore, if you want to ...

Nothing beats the feeling of riding a new car! The brand-new engine seems to read your mind before you even touch the accelerator pedal. It runs like a beast ...

Garages are no more just a place to keep your cars. I mean, people nowadays use garages for all sort of purposes apart from keeping cars. Some turn it into a ...

Automobiles were a lot simpler in earlier days. You wouldn’t have found all these modern equipment like sensors, gadgets, mini computers in your car. ...

Foggy weather is particularly enjoyable when you’re sitting on your porch and sipping your coffee mug. But when it’s your headlights or goggles that fog ...

Whether you own a big SUV like Range Rover or a compact car like Toyota Prius, it’s always a good idea to install a hitch on your car, as it lets you carry ...

Truck beds are a great option to carry around things. Whether it could be your grocery shopping or moving around your furniture, they carry many advantages. ...

Increasing mileage and HP is a dream come true, especially if you can do it with just a simple upgrade. However, getting there is sometimes an issue. With an ...

My friend, Jimmy, just got a wheel bearing for his car and I thought he had got the best wheel bearing of our time. Unfortunately, Jimmy was unlucky to get ...

High engine temperature is one of the most crucial problems in the arena of automobiles. No matter what kind of vehicle you have, the overheating issue is ...

Isn’t it a pain when you are in a hurry yet your car won’t start? I have been in countless situations where I either had to call a friend or the towing ...

Back when I was 15, my friends dared me to sneak out in my dad’s car. Being the reckless teenager I was, I took them on. While reversing out of the garage, I ...

Tired of replacing those crappy headlight bulbs get blown, again and again, cutting a deep hole in your wallet? I have a kickass solution for you. I am ...

Last time I went on the Jeep trials, I came across and awkward yet, astonishing situation. Apart from the fact that I enjoyed it a lot yet, there was a major ...

If you’re looking for a simple way to increase your jeep’s HP, the sound of the engine, and the mileage, then a Jeep JK exhaust system is the ultimate choice. ...

Small things here and there all add up to cracking away at the dam, until it breaks! Same goes for your car stereo system. You can have a mighty audio ...

Looking to recharge your batteries – both literally and figuratively? Well, you have landed exactly where you need to be. If you are sick of dealing with ...

No garage is complete without a spray wax. As a kid, I always used to wonder how my father managed to keep our Toyota Corolla clean, regardless of the fact ...

Unless you keep your car in the garage and never drive, scratches on the car paint are inevitable. And I guess you don’t own a car just to keep stashed in ...

Although motorcycles are meant to carry us, sometimes they might need transportation too. It can happen when your motorcycle is damaged and needs ...

Pick-up trucks are simply amazing when it comes to lugging stuff. In-fact in some of them, your entire home can be fitted virtually. However, an individual is ...

Are you looking for the all terrain tires for all season? Then, you are in right place. We have spent 100+ hours for research only to save your valuable time. ...

If you’ve ever been stranded roadside with a dead battery, then I’m sure you know how to jump starters are life-savers. Jump starters have come a long way ...

If auto bodywork is your professional job then an electric sander is out of the question. However, what if you are a DIY type of person who wants to do some ...

Has the coolant light of your automobile been activated? If that's a yes then your BMW will probably yell about the coolant. What kind of coolant should ...

If you own a truck, then protecting its bed would be one of your top priorities. There is not just a single need that a tonneau cover meets. Rather it plays a ...

How many times do you have to open your tailgate during a day? 5-10 times, maybe even more? Many of the truck owners are accustomed to opening their ...

Looking for the Best Blower for Drying Car in 2022 but can't decide which one to get? Check out this list here and choose among the top 10 in the market!

Portable Fuel Caddy is a mobile solution for energy needs when there is an energy blackout. Without this stellar fuel caddy, there would be a big ...

A professional, without his tools, is as good as an empty vessel. We know: The professionals who reading this best nail gun for trim review are already ...

So, you’re finally here then! What brought you here this time – the cloud of smoke from your bonnet or the blown-up engine? But who will you blame for ...

Sawzall blades come in different shapes and sizes and TPI. Don't know what TPI means? Yeah, we thought so. That's why this review will help you pick out the ...

A proper grade of grease is important for any kind of automobile to function properly. Whether it be your monster truck, your car, or your motorbike, quality ...

When buying a new car, people often go to showrooms or car vendors with a particular color in mind. If they find that particular choice is available in ...

Were you driving around doing your usual chores when you suddenly caught a glimpse of your car leaving blue smoke around? Well, don’t panic! We all have been ...

The journey to achieve a full self-driving (FSD) environment in cars is dynamic these days. Tesla is one of the top researchers in this field, and they are ...

Imagination has brought us to a modern world where comfort and ease have become a priority and indeed accessible. But taking it to another level is still on ...

The idea of autonomous cars is growing every day, and Tesla very keen to realize this perspective. Providing ease to the driver has always been a priority. ...

KITT steering has fascinated all of us since childhood, isn’t it correct? But we never thought of the downsides, did we? But, it’s not practical to decide ...

Have you watched the ‘Transformer’ series where cars can talk, fly, change shapes and save human life? Well, may be the future is still far ahead, but Toyota ...

Racing is quite fascinating, and so is drifting. But, is it safe? Well, if you ask a professional driver about it, they would declare it safe when there is ...

To ensure safety, an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is installed in the wheels of vehicles, and it acts as an anti-skid braking system. This system uses an ...

If you own your favorite car and curious about its modifications, then I can feel you. Car enthusiasts are often thinking about new ideas which they can apply ...

Amidst all the major additions to the Michelin’s tire categories, defender and premier have been successful at catching the eye of the most audience, and most ...

Having a good transmission jack nearby is a great thing whenever you need to service your car. Very important in dealing with transmissions, a good jack is ...

A misfire happens when something in the succession sequence comes up short. Most motors have four chambers, so the vehicle will continue running regardless of ...

Bumper Scratches and Their Universality: Bumper scratches are a frequent and everyday occurrence. There’s probably a car screeching off a post as you’re ...

Understanding the basic differences between the various camshaft engines for your vehicle is super important if you’re planning to make the most of what you ...

The paint applied on the car in different areas is not just for aesthetic purposes, but it also acts as a shield for the inner material and protects it from ...

Being a car owner, you must have robust knowledge and experience to maintain it from day today. Diagnosing a fault and amending it are the two basic and ...

It’s a beautiful day outside, and you can’t help but feel this need to venture on the road as soon as possible. You grab the keys to your jeep and head over ...

How often do you clean the headlights of your car? Not many people bother to clean their car headlights. But over time, one should always immaculate the ...

If you are looking to find out symptoms for a bad fuel pump relay, there are a few things that need to be considered first. For starters, you need to know ...

The optimal performance of the engine is dependent upon the proper functioning of your coolant. A failing coolant is going to hinder how your engine behaves in ...

A tire pressure sensor, as the name implies, alerts the driver of an underinflated tire. It is a small computer that is located inside each tire of a vehicle. ...

You might be aware of the fact that without tires, a car is incomplete. If your vehicle’s tire is not of good quality, then you might experience an accident ...

Car rust is one of the most common headaches that many car owners have to contend with. However, all is not lost as there are many ways of solving the problem, ...

A straight pipe exhaust is an exhaust system installed in vehicles that joins a pipe directly from the exhaust headers to the end tip without connecting it to ...

Swinging back and forth while sitting on you armchair can be a relaxing experience. But when you’re sitting on your car, the incidence is far from ...

There is nothing worse than getting in your car, turning on the ignition, and having your car churn up no response. Be it winter or not using your car for ...

In modern times, vehicle manufacturers used plastic for headlights instead of glass. It is lighter, less likely to be harmful, needs less care, and, ...

For better understanding of ceramic coating, it’s necessary to think about it as a simple layer of skin added to your car’s clear coat to protect it. It is a ...

If you’re an enthusiast, then it’s your duty to be comfortable with getting your hands dirty. Not only does that inculcate discipline and respect for that ...

When driving at night it usually gets hard for people to see the road. Even with the car headlights on, you still can’t see the road. This may be due to the ...

Like any other earthly things, headlights also fade over time. Once beautiful, crazy clear headlights turn into dull, yellowish mirrors. In fact, they ...

In order to prevent damage to the floor of your vehicle, you need to fix hole in the car floor mats. It is very important for you to make the right move that ...

With the advancement in automobile industries, each and every part of a vehicle has been taken to such a level that it provides maximum satisfaction and ...

“Learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t live long enough to make them all yourself.” - Eleanor Roosevelt It’s true. None of us born as master detailers. ...

It might feel like endless work and even extremely exhausting sometimes. We are talking about keeping your car shiny and glossy on the outside. No matter ...

Car floor mats are very essential for keeping your car interior clean and guard it from damage. Sliding mats can be hazardous as they can block pedals or make ...

We can all agree on one thing, the seat comfort in your car is absolutely important! Just think of it this way: when you drive, you actually spend the whole ...

Cars are the most prized possessions of the millennial. However, most of them fail to note that the value of the vehicle starts depreciating as soon as they ...

Everyone loves and wants the car to look shiny like a new penny. But as a matter of fact, when your car is getting old, to keep the shine up becomes harder ...

Shocks and struts may sound like the same thing. But, do they actually are? The answer is no, they are not. There is a vast similarity in their functionality. ...

Driving is fun. But sometimes, it can be a dangerous profession as well. Specially when you're not well aware of the threats and potential dangers that are ...

Drops and scuffs are common incidents when you’re a bike rider. It’s part of the deal. But dropping your motorbike while loading it, you would want to avoid ...

There are some very important features in a car which everyone wants to be perfect. These features are never recompensed by the customers when going for a ...

All passionate car lovers understand how important it is to keep their cars shiny and in good shape. And this observation goes far beyond the maintenance of ...

If you are someone who doesn’t even know what a PCV valve is, don’t be surprised because, to be honest, not a lot of people do. Let us, first of all, tell you ...

Is your car's headlight turning yellow? Are the headlights not providing enough light making it difficult for traveling at night? The reason why your headlight ...

Smart cars are a type of car that is known for their small size, sustainable features, and other high tech gadgets that they carry. They are compact, ...

While trucks come in many different aspects and sizes, they all are bigger than the average vehicle and the average car. In simple words, a truck, or also ...

There are a lot of occasions where it's quite useful to know how much does your car weighs. While you may need to tow the car someday and need this info at ...

Air conditioners are the basic need of the modern age, and they are widely used to make the room cool and make it comfortable. There are many types of AC. They ...

If you like to spend your spare time in hunting, camping or traveling in the boondocks with your truck, you will probably search for the best truck tents. ...

There are many things that affect the battery of the car to be dead. So, the owner should take care of those things, which results in the car’s battery to be ...

The fuel induction service is nothing but such type of service which helps in maintaining the engine of the vehicle. Fuel induction is the process in which the ...

Owning a decent car is everyone’s dream, but most of the people do not pay adequate heed to its maintenance. A good driver always knows when to make necessary ...

If it’s been a few years since you last renewed your car’s paint job, then we’re guessing that some TLC is long overdue. Don’t be too alarmed; it is natural ...

Air pollution causes as many as 50,000 deaths in the USA, every year! If you had to convert the loss of health and productivity into currency, the amount ...

A good braking system is arguably one of the most important features of a well-functioning vehicle. Hence, it is quite alarming when a process that is ...

When you are driving your vehicle, you might have noticed a light blinking on your instrument panel, which gave a slight heartache and made you wonder what ...

Garage Floor Mats I grew up in a household where the garage floor was always clean and immaculate. Always wondering who did the cleaning, I recently found ...

Want to see the wheels and tires of your car remain strong for many years? Then the fender flayer is a must-have item for you. It protects the wheel from all ...

Powder coating is basically a kind of dry finishing process. And this one of the most popular types of finishing processes. Powder coating was introduced in ...

In the car there are some transmission function and the truth is that these transmission function is done by none other than the transmission fluid. The ...

Good appearance is highly important, whether it is your dress, grooming sense, or the way your car look. Wearing a classy suit with a classy pair of shoe ...

A car vinyl wrap is something that adds an extra effect and protection to the car. It changes the total appearance of a vehicle and also protects the paint. ...

As your fuel injector is very important part of the body of your car, the regular cleaning of the fuel injector is very crucial part of your car maintenance. ...

Dealing with car troubles is not everyone’s cup of tea, and we fully understand that. So what are you supposed to do when your car suddenly breaks down? Run ...

If you’ve worked with vehicle maintenance, then I’m sure you know how important car ramps are. Not only do they give access to whatever’s underneath, but they ...

As a kid, I used to think that RVs are houses on wheel. Later on, I realized that the maintenance and care they required meant they are nothing less than a ...

What do we do in the garage? We keep our vehicles and service them. Some of us go up a notch and even wash our cars here. Well, these are perfectly fine. ...

Carrying any stuff in the truck's bed or the back of the SUV can be a complicated process since they can encounter damage. If the things you carry are ...

A surge protector, also known as a spike suppressor or a surge diverter, is a device that is designed to protect electrical devices from voltage strikes even ...

A strut is a component of a vehicle's suspension; it is the part that connects wheels with the rest of the car. Not all vehicles and trucks have struts; ...

You do not have to break the bank to get the best fitness trackers 2021. Fitness wearables today offer an impressive range of features to choose from, at ...

Since you are here, we are going to go ahead and take a wild guess to assume that you are looking for the best hitch motorcycle carrier out there. ...

People appreciate finishing their own paint jobs on their vehicles for various reasons. Whatever your reason is, it's essential that the job is done ...

A shock absorber system is a device that absorbs and damp shock impulses. It does this by changing over the dynamic vitality of the shock into another type of ...

The clear coat of your car may begin to peel off after a while, due to elements such as overexposure to the sun and vigorous activity on the road. If you peel ...

As heartbreaking as this might sound, our dogs grow older every year. Once little, adorable puppy ages and finally enters its golden years. While we can ...

As a car owner, it is important to maintain the road-worthiness of your vehicle and stay on top of its routine maintenance requirements. Checking transmission ...

Bike riding can be great fun and rewarding for your body. However, if you want to take your pleasurable pastime to the next level, your car needs to be ...

RV Dehumidifier Living in an RV has some pretty big perks like exploring the world and discovering wild memories, all within the comfort of your mini-home. ...

If you are here, chances are you need help with covering your truck bed with some Tonneau cover. We’re also going to go ahead and assume that you know about ...

One of the best parts about owning a pickup truck is having tons of extra space in your tonneau (pun intended). You can use this space for seating more people ...

Reduced engine power can be caused by several different factors. In some cases, you should be able to drive your car normally if the fault is minor. However, ...

Lumbar Support For Car Most people enjoy driving cars but the pain in their back usually wards them off. The car’s driving seat along with your posture ...

The truth be told, one of the most annoying things anyone can come across in a car is to enter, and then you have your lungs filled with the smell of smoke. ...

When I was a young kid, my father used to have exhaust wraps around the engine. Not understanding the mechanics of it, I once decided to ask him what the ...

If you ever went on a camping trip in your RV, then you must know that uneven ground in an RV park or a campground is a big problem. It is a very unpleasant ...

Car cleaning is an often task, and it seems like a daily chore. For the ones who are car enthusiasts, their detailing is just like washing their car on ...

Ceramic coatings are exceptional paint protection solutions. Just like any other product line, the ceramic coatings industry is filled with brands that are ...

Car air purifier Keeping your car smelling fresh is the key to a good ride. I was always quite as messy as a teen. This habit translated into a poorly ...

Have you ever heard the term “paralysis by analysis”? No, it’s not physical paralysis we’re referring to. Rather this one instigates by having too many ...

Has your car been giving you some uncomfortable driving experience? If yes, then your cabin air filter might not be functioning properly. This is because it is ...

Dries very fast Very easy to apply Lessens vibrations and noise Scratch, stain and UV resistant Appropriate for different surfaces ...

Eliminates vibration and sound Can be used on any surface Easy application Offers protection against abrasions and stains Can be used on a wide ...

You can use it instantly after washing your car Removes white residue and streaks Offers additional protection for preceding wax application Can be ...

Superior protection against scratches No need to wax after application Long lasting - up to 5 years Easy to apply Can be applied for 2 cars ...

9H anti-scratch coating Instant application Hard smooth water repellant nanoscale coating Lasts for 3 years or more Comes with additional ...

Very glossy with vibrant ceramic properties Self cleaning mechanism against dirt Superior UV resistance and hydrophobic properties Easy and fast to ...

In order to get the best performance, it is very essential for you to organize wrenches in the toolbox properly. If they are not properly organized, they may ...

Driving too far when your check engine light is on is not an ideal thing since you don't know what the problem is. The unfortunate thing is that the light will ...

As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. Therefore, you need to always make sure that your headlights are spot on each and every time to avoid ...

When your vehicle engine knocks, it means that it produces pinging, knocking or banging sounds. This is usually caused by unusual combustion of the mixture of ...

So, you’re going for a drive with your car, enjoying the whooshing breeze, adrenaline rush, and life at speed. Suddenly the worst nightmare for a car owner ...

The overall outlook of your headlights is important. How are they? If they appear yellow or cloudy, then you are one among the many drivers who are ...

Ideally, investing in high-quality kind of bulbs is the right option. Nowadays, the issue of headlight bulbs blowing has become so rampant. There are many ...

Your truck tool box is very essential for keeping your truck tools. You need to provide adequate security for them so that you can easily lay your hands on ...

Headlights are very vital for your safety when you are driving at night. If they don't work properly, or do not aim as they should, visibility will be poor ...

A poorly organized truck tool box can be a source of frustration for you. Getting easy access to your tools will make your tasks easier, hence, you need to be ...

Semi-trucks have rapidly turned into the life force of our existence. They deliver most of our favorite online items to us. However, ask any semi-truck driver, ...

Just like the loved ones in your life, you have to treat your car seats right. Even your loved ones can eventually leave if you don’t pay attention to them, ...

Your car's check engine light is flashing and you don't know what to do. Not to worry, the solution is here. The check engine light remains a vital component ...

All automobiles consist of safety glasses. It is designed to minimize the likelihood of injuries, in case the glass breaks. It implies that if a small object ...

The exterior of a car requires proper protection from the dirt and debris on the way. Therefore, you can consider putting an extra layer of protection that is ...